Tag: Conditions

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Enucleation Surgery for Dogs

What is Enucleation Surgery for Dogs?

Enucleation in dogs is a surgical procedure where one or both of a dog’s eyes are removed.

What does Enucleation Treat?

An enucleation procedure is typically recommended when a dog has severe eye disease or injury that cannot be treated with medication or other therapies. Common reasons for enucleation in dogs include:

  • Eye cancer 
  • Glaucoma
  • Severe injury or trauma to the eye 
  • Untreatable infections

Enucleation can help alleviate pain and prevent further damage or spread of the disease. Although it may seem like a drastic measure, it can improve a dog’s overall quality of life by eliminating chronic pain and discomfort.

What Happens During an Enucleation Surgery?

An Enucleation procedure is typically performed under general anesthesia, and the surgical site is thoroughly cleaned and prepared before the operation. The surgeon makes an incision around the eye and carefully removes the eye and surrounding tissues, including the eyelids and eye muscles. The area is then carefully sutured, and a protective bandage is applied to promote healing and prevent infection. In some cases, a prosthetic eye may be inserted to help improve the cosmetic appearance of the eye socket. After the surgery, dogs typically require close monitoring and follow-up care to ensure proper healing and recovery. This may include post-operative medications, special diets, and restricted activity to promote healing. With proper care and attention, most dogs can adapt well to their new vision after enucleation surgery.

How Effective is Enucleation for Dogs?

Enucleation is a highly effective procedure in dogs when performed by a skilled veterinarian. The success of the surgery depends on the underlying condition that led to the need for enucleation. In most cases, enucleation can help alleviate pain and prevent further damage to the eye or surrounding tissues. 

 

Additionally, after the surgery, dogs can adapt well to their new vision and can still enjoy a good quality of life. However, it’s important to note that enucleation is a serious procedure that requires proper care and attention during the recovery period. In general, with appropriate post-operative care and follow-up, enucleation can be a very effective treatment option for certain eye conditions in dogs.

How Much Does an Enucleation Cost?

The cost of enucleation for dogs can vary depending on several factors, such as the location, the severity of the eye condition, the size of the dog, and the veterinary clinic performing the surgery. In general, enucleation can range from several hundred to several thousand dollars. The cost typically includes pre-operative exams, anesthesia, surgery, post-operative care, and any necessary medications. Some pet insurance plans may also cover a portion of the cost of enucleation, depending on the plan and the reason for the surgery. It’s important to discuss the cost and payment options with your veterinarian before the procedure to avoid any unexpected expenses. This range can vary anywhere from $475-$2,000.

How Can an Enucleation Be Prevented?

Enucleation in dogs is often necessary to treat certain eye conditions or injuries that cannot be resolved through other methods. However, there are steps that dog owners can take to help prevent the need for enucleation. These include:

  1. Regular veterinary check-ups: Regular visits to the veterinarian can help detect and treat eye conditions early before they become severe.
  2. Proper eye care: Keeping your dog’s eyes clean and free of debris can help prevent eye infections and other issues that could lead to enucleation.
  3. Protecting your dog’s eyes: Dogs that are prone to eye injuries should be fitted with protective goggles or other gear to prevent eye damage.
  4. Avoiding high-risk activities: Dogs that engage in high-risk activities, such as rough play, fighting, or hunting, are at a higher risk of eye injuries and should be closely monitored and trained accordingly.
  5. Breeding practices: Responsible breeding practices can help reduce the incidence of genetic eye conditions that may require enucleation. Dog owners should do their research and only purchase from reputable breeders that follow responsible breeding practices.

While enucleation cannot always be prevented, taking these steps can help reduce the risk and promote the overall health and well-being of your dog’s eyes.

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Hemivertebra in Dogs: Symptoms, Diagnoses, and Treatment

What is Hemivertebra in Dogs?

Photo Credit: French Bulldog Saviors

Hemivertebra is a congenital spinal malformation that can occur in dogs. It happens when only half of a vertebra develops, resulting in a wedge-shaped vertebra instead of a normal cylindrical one. This can lead to spinal cord compression and neurological symptoms such as hind limb weakness, difficulty walking, and urinary or fecal incontinence. 

What Causes Hemivertebra in Dogs?

Hemivertebra is a congenital condition in dogs, which means it is present at birth and is caused by genetic factors. The exact cause of Hemivertebra is not fully understood, but it is thought to be related to a genetic mutation that affects the development of the spinal column during embryonic growth. 

In addition to genetics, environmental factors such as poor nutrition, exposure to toxins or infections during pregnancy, and physical trauma to the mother during gestation may also contribute to the development of Hemivertebra in puppies. However, the exact role of these factors in the development of Hemivertebra remains unclear and requires further research.

Who’s at Risk of Developing Hemivertebra?

Certain dog breeds are more prone to Hemivertebra than others, and it is believed that selective breeding practices and genetic predisposition play a role. For example, French Bulldogs, Pugs, and Boston Terriers have a higher incidence of Hemivertebra compared to other breeds.

Since Hemivertebra is a congenital condition, dogs that have a family history of Hemivertebra are more likely to develop the condition. In addition, dogs with a history of spinal cord abnormalities or other congenital disorders may also be at a higher risk of developing Hemivertebra.

Environmental factors such as poor nutrition, exposure to toxins or infections during pregnancy, and physical trauma to the mother during gestation may also contribute to the development of Hemivertebra in puppies, but the exact role of these factors is still unclear.

What are the Symptoms of Hemivertebra?

Photo Credit: French Bulldog Saviors

The symptoms of Hemivertebra in dogs can vary depending on the location and severity of the malformation. Some dogs may have no symptoms at all, while others may exhibit signs of spinal cord compression, which can cause a range of neurological symptoms, including:

  • Hind limb weakness or paralysis
  • Difficulty walking or standing
  • Abnormal gait or posture
  • Pain or sensitivity in the back or neck
  • Urinary or fecal incontinence
  • Constipation
  • Difficulty jumping or climbing stairs
  • Muscle atrophy or weakness

In some cases, dogs with Hemivertebra may also have a visible deformity of the spine, such as a hump or curvature. The symptoms of Hemivertebra typically develop in the first few months of life and can worsen over time if left untreated.

If you suspect your dog may have Hemivertebra, it is essential to seek veterinary care right away to diagnose and treat the condition. 

How Can Hemivertebra in Dogs Be Prevented?

Unfortunately, there is no way to prevent Hemivertebra from occurring. However, there are some steps that breeders can take to reduce the incidence of Hemivertebra and other genetic disorders in their breeding lines. 

Reputable breeders can screen their breeding dogs for genetic disorders before breeding to ensure they are not passing on harmful genes to their offspring. This involves testing for known genetic mutations associated with Hemivertebra and other conditions, such as hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, and progressive retinal atrophy.

In addition, breeders can avoid breeding dogs that have a family history of Hemivertebra or other spinal cord abnormalities. They can also avoid breeding dogs that exhibit symptoms of Hemivertebra or other genetic disorders.

If you are considering getting a dog and are concerned about the risk of Hemivertebra or other genetic disorders, it is essential to do your research and find a reputable breeder who screens their dogs for genetic conditions before breeding. It is also important to be aware that mixed-breed dogs are still at risk of developing Hemivertebra and other genetic disorders, so it is essential to take steps to ensure the health of any dog you bring into your home.

How is Hemivertebra Diagnosed?

Hemivertebra in dogs is typically diagnosed by a veterinarian using a combination of physical examination, imaging tests, and neurological testing. The diagnostic process may include the following steps:

  1. Physical exam: The veterinarian will perform a physical exam to look for signs of spinal cord compression, such as weakness or paralysis in the hind limbs, abnormal gait or posture, and muscle atrophy.
  2. Imaging tests: X-rays, CT scans, or MRI may be used to visualize the spinal column and detect any abnormalities. These tests can help determine the location and severity of the Hemivertebra and assess the extent of any spinal cord compression.
  3. Neurological testing: The veterinarian may perform a neurological exam to assess the dog’s reflexes, muscle tone, and ability to sense pain and touch. This can help determine the extent of any neurological damage caused by the Hemivertebra.
  4. Genetic testing: If a genetic mutation is suspected to be the cause of the Hemivertebra, genetic testing may be recommended to confirm the diagnosis and help identify any other dogs at risk of developing the condition.

Once a diagnosis of Hemivertebra is confirmed, the veterinarian can work with the dog’s owner to develop an appropriate treatment plan. The treatment plan may include surgery to remove the affected vertebra or manage any resulting spinal cord compression, medication to control pain and inflammation, and physical therapy to help the dog regain strength and mobility.

What is the Treatment for Hemivertebra?

Photo Credit: Wauwatosa Veterinary Rehabilitation

The treatment for Hemivertebra in dogs depends on the severity of the condition and the extent of any spinal cord compression. In mild cases, no treatment may be necessary, and the dog can live a normal life with close monitoring.

In more severe cases, surgical intervention may be required to remove the affected vertebra or relieve pressure on the spinal cord. The surgery can be challenging and often requires a team of skilled veterinary specialists, including a neurologist and a veterinary surgeon.

Post-surgery, the dog will require a period of recovery and rehabilitation, which may include physical therapy to regain strength and mobility. Medications, such as pain relievers and anti-inflammatories, may also be prescribed to manage pain and inflammation.

In cases where surgery is not an option, or if the condition is too advanced, the focus will be on managing the symptoms and improving the dog’s quality of life. This may include medications, physical therapy, and assistive devices such as slings or carts to help the dog move around.

It is important to note that the treatment for Hemivertebra is focused on managing the symptoms and minimizing the impact of the condition on the dog’s quality of life, rather than curing it. Therefore, regular check-ups with a veterinarian, close monitoring of symptoms, and early intervention when necessary are essential to ensuring the best possible outcomes for dogs with Hemivertebra.

What is the Prognosis for Hemivertebra?

The prognosis for dogs with Hemivertebra varies depending on the severity of the condition, the location of the affected vertebra, and the degree of spinal cord compression. In cases where the condition is mild and spinal cord compression is not present, dogs can live a normal life with regular check-ups and monitoring.

However, in more severe cases where spinal cord compression is present, the prognosis may be less favorable. If Hemivertebra is left untreated, it can lead to permanent spinal cord damage and paralysis.

Early intervention and appropriate treatment can improve the prognosis for dogs with Hemivertebra. Surgical removal of the affected vertebra or relieving spinal cord compression can be successful in restoring function and mobility in some cases.

Despite successful treatment, dogs with Hemivertebra may still experience residual weakness or mobility issues. Regular monitoring by a veterinarian and ongoing management of symptoms is essential to ensure the best possible outcomes for dogs with Hemivertebra.

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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Symptoms, Diagnoses and Treatment

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    What is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Dogs?

    Photo Credit: VCA

    Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a chronic condition in dogs in which stomach acid flows from the stomach to the esophagus. When the condition isn’t present, a valve referred to as the lower esophageal sphincter prevents this abnormal flow of acid. For dogs who experience GERD, the acid instead passes right through this valve and instead enters the esophagus.

    The stomach acid causes irritation once it enters the esophagus and can cause a great variety of clinical signs and mimics that of heartburn in humans. 

    What Causes Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Dogs?

    There are a few common causes of GERD including: 

    • Excessive acid production of the stomach leading to  fluid leaking back into the esophagus
    • Certain anesthetic procedures damage the esophageal sphincter’s ability to fully close the opening leading to reflux 
    • Chronic vomiting (commonly observed in dogs with abnormal liver and kidney function) 

    In some instances, the condition may be caused by an underlying congenital condition, such as hiatal hernia, which occurs when the upper part of the dog’s stomach bulges through the diaphragm into the chest cavity. This condition is often observed in Shar-Pei breeds and English Bulldogs. If a hiatal hernia or other underlying cause is present, your vet may recommend a surgical procedure to correct the issue, in turn correcting GERD.  

    Who’s At Risk of Developing Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease?

    As mentioned above, a congenital condition called Hiatal Hernia, is often observed in Shar-Pei breeds and English bulldogs, leading to GERD. 

    Additionally, younger dogs whose esophageal sphincters have not fully developed yet are at an increased risk of developing GERD. 

    What are the Symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease?

    The most common symptoms of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in dogs include: 

    • Difficulty swallowing
    • Decrease in appetite 
    • Regurgitation following eating
    • Lip licking 
    • Change in bark 
    • Persistent coughing
    • Appearing general discomfort 
    • Restlessness 
    • Weight loss (observed in severe cases) 

    .

    How Can Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Dogs Be Prevented?

    While GERD may not be fully preventable, there are measures you can take to reduce the likelihood of GERD developing. Feeding your dog on a consistent, frequent meal schedule reduces the pressure on their gastrointestinal system.

    Additionally, if your dog is prone to acid reflux, softer dog foods can be beneficial as they decrease how much work the digestive enzymes must do to digest the food. 

    How is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Diagnosed?

    Photo Credit: BrindleBerry Acres

    Your veterinarian will likely diagnose GERD with a combination of a physical exam and various laboratory tests. 

    During the exam portion, your vet will search for pain and locate any abdominal masses, obstructions, or any other abnormalities that may be present. 

    A series of diagnostic testing will be performed. This includes a complete blood cell count lab test in order to assess your dog’s red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Information will also be collected about how the internal organs, such as the liver and kidneys, are functioning. A urinalysis will also likely be done to examine your dog’s level of hydration and kidney function. 

    Finally, imaging such as radiography and ultrasound, will likely be necessary. Your vet will use these to examine your dog’s chest and abdomen for any signs of masses, infection, obstruction in the intestines, and any other abnormalities present. Since GERD symptoms can mimic many types of conditions, this imaging will help to rule out any other issues. 

    Dependent upon results of the exam and tests, your veterinarian may refer you to a veterinary specialist to continue to pursue further diagnostics. GERD is typically officially diagnosed based on an endoscopy. This procedure requires the patient to be anesthetized and a camera will be passed down the esophagus. The specialist will capture any inflammation in the esophagus, officially confirming the diagnosis of GERD. 

    What is the Treatment for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease?

    A variety of different treatments for GERD. It is not unusual for your veterinarian to recommend a combination of treatments.

    In order to decrease stomach acidity, antacid medications are often prescribed. This class of medication includes famotidine, cimetidine, omeprazole, and ranitidine. While reflux can still occur on antacid medications, the damage and discomfort can be greatly reduced. 

    In addition to antacid medication, your vet may prescribe another medication to strengthen the lower esophageal sphincter by increasing muscle tone and decreasing the likelihood that stomach acid will enter into the esophagus. 

    A change in diet can also be beneficial to dogs with GERD. A low-fat prescription diet can reduce the production of stomach acid. Rather than larger, less frequent meals, feeding small frequent meals may help to reduce this reflux into the esophagus. 

    In most instances, even when all of these treatments are set into motion, it’s likely that some degree of reflux will still occur in your dog. A slurry called Sucralfate may be prescribed to coat the esophagus. The coating protects the esophagus’s fragile lining in turn reducing inflammation and progression of ulcers. 

    A variety of different treatments for GERD. It is not unusual for your veterinarian to recommend a combination of treatments.

    In order to decrease stomach acidity, antacid medications are often prescribed. This class of medication includes famotidine, cimetidine, omeprazole, and ranitidine. While reflux can still occur on antacid medications, the damage and discomfort can be greatly reduced. 

    In addition to antacid medication, your vet may prescribe another medication to strengthen the lower esophageal sphincter by increasing muscle tone and decreasing the likelihood that stomach acid will enter into the esophagus. 

    A change in diet can also be beneficial to dogs with GERD. A low-fat prescription diet can reduce the production of stomach acid. Rather than larger, less frequent meals, feeding small frequent meals may help to reduce this reflux into the esophagus. 

    In most instances, even when all of these treatments are set into motion, it’s likely that some degree of reflux will still occur in your dog. A slurry called Sucralfate may be prescribed to coat the esophagus. The coating protects the esophagus’s fragile lining in turn reducing inflammation and progression of ulcers. 

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    Canine Stomatitis in Dogs: Symptoms, Diagnoses and Treatment

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      What is Stomatitis in Dogs?

      Photo Credit: Veterinary Dental Center

      Canine Stomatitis is a condition of the mouth characterized by the irritation and inflammation of the soft tissues. In most instances, the condition causes ulcers to form inside of the dog’s mouth including the lips, tongue, gums, and back of the throat. Due to inflammation and ulcers, great discomfort and pain occurs, making it difficult for your dog to eat, drink, and even swallow in some cases. 

      What Causes Stomatitis in Dogs?

      Unfortunately, there is usually no single cause of stomatitis but is often associated with the development of dental disease. When dental disease develops, plaque accumulates along the gum line leading to swelling and irritation. Over time, bacteria multiply and the gums become infected. However, this is not always the case when it comes to Canine Stomatitis. Other possible causes behind Canine Stomatitis include: 

      • Hormone Disorders 
      • Kidney Failure 
      • Negative reaction to medications
      • Fungal or viral infections
      • Biting of toxic substance like certain plants or chemicals 

      Who’s at Risk of Developing Stomatitis?

      Canine Stomatitis is most commonly observed in certain breeds of dogs that are predisposed to the condition, including Cavalier King Charles spaniels, cocker spaniels, and Maltese.  Breeds that are at a higher risk of developing Gastritis include German shepherds, Rottweilers, and Shar-peis. 

      What are the Symptoms of Stomatitis?

      The most common symptoms of Canine Stomatitis include: 

      • Inflamed or swollen tissue in the mouth 
      • Odorous breath 
      • Ulcers in the mouth
      • Discomfort when eating or drinking
      • Excessive plaque on the teeth 
      • Increased saliva production and drooling 
      • Loss of appetite/weight loss

      How Can Stomatitis in Dogs Be Prevented?

      At-home dental care and keeping up with veterinary dental appointments is the best way to prevent stomatitis and other dental issues from occurring. A professional cleaning will reduce the build-up of tartar and plaque that leads to dental disease.

      How is Stomatitis Diagnosed?

      Diagnostic testing will likely be performed to rule out any other diseases or dental issues that look similar to Stomatitis. A biopsy will be taken and histology performed.

      What is the Treatment for Stomatitis?

      Photo Credit: DoctorVet-Laser Therapy

      Unfortunately, Stomatitis is difficult to completely cure and many dogs will experience repeated episodes of the condition. However, long-term treatment plans can help to ease your dog’s pain and discomfort. 

      Since the condition is very painful, your veterinarian’s first priority will be to get your dog’s discomfort under control so that they can carry out normal functions such as eating and drinking. Anti-inflammatory medications will likely be administered as well as antibiotics to heal the infection.

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      Gastritis in Dogs: Symptoms, Diagnoses and Treatment

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        What is Gastritis in Dogs?

        Gastritis is a condition that causes gastrointestinal inflammation or inflammation of the lining of the stomach. The condition can occur as a short episode which is defined as acute gastritis or have a longer duration which is defined as chronic gastritis. Chronic gastritis is often associated with other conditions such as allergy or parasitic infection. The condition often results in gastrointestinal upset including excessive vomiting. 

        What Causes Gastritis in Dogs?

        Acute gastritis actually occurs quite frequently in dogs. This is because many dogs are likely to eat unsolicited items such as garbage, spoiled food, foreign objects, grass, and table scraps. When acute gastritis occurs, most dogs recover within a few days when food is withheld. The likelihood of recovery is very good, even when the initial cause isn’t determined. There are many conditions and causes that are associated with gastritis in dogs including:

        • Severe allergies 
        • Parasitic infection 
        • Liver Disease 
        • Mast cell tumor 
        • Bacterial infection 
        • Foreign body 
        • Viral infection 
        • Kidney Disease 
        • Endocrine Disease

        Who’s At Risk of Developing Gastritis?

        Chronic Gastritis is most commonly observed in dogs under 5 years of age. Breeds that are at a higher risk of developing Gastritis include German shepherds, Rottweilers, and Shar-peis. 

        What Are the Symptoms of Gastritis?

        The majority of dogs that suffer from gastritis will experience excessive vomiting, often times the yellowish, foamy bile variety. In addition to this, you may observe signs such as: 

        • Blood or food in the vomit (especially if your dog has consumed something inappropriate such as a foreign object or table scraps) 
        • Gagging or breathing heavily following eating or drinking 
        • Tenderness around the stomach region
        • Loss of appetite 
        • Lethargy 
        • Dehydration due to persistent vomiting 
        • Hunching of the back (in an attempt to ease their abdominal discomfort)

        How Can Gastritis in Dogs Be Prevented?

        Whether or not Gastritis can be prevented is dependent upon the cause behind the condition. Oftentimes, Gastritis is the result of a change in diet, a new food allergy, or medication. When this is the case, it’s easier to prevent or stop Gastritis in its tracks. Many dogs will also develop Gastritis in response to getting into something they shouldn’t such as garbage, plants, or other foreign objects. Ensure that garbage and any other objects that pose a risk to your dog are not accessible in your home and yard. 

        However, if your dog’s case of Gastritis is associated with an underlying condition or disease, it is likely unpreventable. 

        How Is Gastritis Diagnosed?

        Tests for gastritis may include blood tests, urinalysis, fecal tests, abdominal X-rays, abdominal ultrasound, and endoscopy. In acute cases, only minimal diagnostics such as blood and urine tests are required.

        If the gastritis is chronic, more involved testing will be undertaken to determine the exact cause of your dog’s condition and symptoms. 

        What is the Treatment for Gastritis?

        Treatment for Gastritis is based on the specific cause. Most acute cases resolve without medical intervention. Non-medical treatment guidelines for acute gastritis typically include:

        • Withhold food for 24-48 hours 
        • Offer small amounts of water frequently during the first day  (if vomiting continues upon giving water, seek immediate veterinary treatment)
        • Once vomiting has subsided for 24 hours, feed half amount of typical food 
        • Resume feeding with small meals given frequently (usually about ½ of the normal daily amount of food, divided into 4-6 meals)
        • Over the next few days, gradually increase the amount of food offered 
        • if vomiting returns, notify your veterinarian and seek treatment 

        Medical treatment for dogs with gastritis may include:

        • Anti-vomiting medications
        • Fluid treatment if dehydrated 
        • Medications for ulcers if detected 

        What is the Prognosis for Gastritis?

        The prognosis is good for cases of acute gastritis. However, for chronic gastritis, the prognosis is dependent upon the underlying cause.

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        Luxating Patella in Dogs: Symptoms, Diagnoses and Treatment

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          What is a Luxating Patella in Dogs?

          A luxating patella is a painful condition that occurs when the knee cap moves out of its normal position in dogs.  

          Patellar luxation is classified into several degrees or classes, ranging from mild luxation, in which the kneecap only luxates when directly stressed, to moderate luxation, in which the kneecap sticks out on a regular basis, to extreme luxation, in which the kneecap has dislocated the majority of the time. In affected dogs, one or both kneecaps may luxate to varying degrees. Some dogs can live their entire lives with this condition and not be affected long term, whereas for others, the inner side of the groove in the femur may wear down and cause permanent, painful issues. There are four grades:

          • Grade l: Manual pressure causes the kneecap to dislocate from its natural position, but it quickly returns to its normal position when the pressure is relieved. 
          • Grade II: When subjected to manual pressure, the kneecap easily moves out of its normal position and remains displaced until manually corrected.
          • Grade III: The kneecap is frequently disjointed but can be moved back into place with manual pressure. However, once the manual pressure is removed, the patella begins to luxate on its own. 

          Grade IV: The kneecap is dislocated from its normal position 100 percent of the time and cannot be manually repositioned.

          What Causes a Luxating Patella in Dogs?

          The patellar ligament connects the large thigh muscles to a point on the tibia and is located beneath the kneecap. The force generated by these muscles is transmitted to the shin bone via the patellar ligament. This causes the knee to straighten or extend. The patella slides up and down in its groove (trochlear groove) during this movement, which helps keep the patellar ligament in place.

          A luxating patella in dogs can be caused by a traumatic injury, but it is more commonly caused by joint or limb structure abnormalities, such as the femur groove where the kneecap sits being too shallow, or the area where the kneecap attaches to the shinbone (tibia) being displaced.

          Who’s At Risk of Developing a Luxating Patella?

          Small and toy breed dogs such as Maltese and Chihuahuas, are likely to inherit a luxating patella. But in the end, all dogs can be at risk for a luxating patella.

          What are the Symptoms of a Luxating Patella in Dogs?

          The signs of a luxating patella may vary based on the grade of luxation. But the most common sign is a dog that suddenly skips while walking or run on three legs, and then the dog returns to normal. 

           

          Grade I is usually discovered by chance during a veterinarian’s examination and owners may not have noticed any physical signs of patellar luxation. With grade ll luxation, lameness can occur when the patella slips out of its normal position, and it can be uncomfortable and painful if the cartilage weakens as a result of repeated luxation. Grade lll causes gradual limb structure changes and/or cartilage damage from repeated luxation and causes increased pain, discomfort, and lameness in dogs. Grade lV symptoms include severe lameness, decreased mobility, and decreased limb function.

          How is a Luxating Patella Diagnosed?

          An orthopedic physical examination will be performed on the affected dog. Under sedation, the knee is palpated to assess ligament damage during this examination. X-rays of the pelvis, knee, and tibias will be done to assess the shape of the bones in the back leg and rule out hip dysplasia. A 3-D computed tomography (CT or CAT Scan) may also be done to provide an image of the entire back legs’ skeletal features In cases where the shape of the femur or tibia needs to be corrected. This advanced imaging technique usually assists the veterinary surgeon in planning the surgery.

          What is the Treatment for a Luxating Patella?

          The severity and grade of the luxating patella will determine the treatment options. Dogs with a grade l and ll luxating patella may be treated with pain and anti-inflammatory medications, exercise restrictions, weight management, and possibly physical therapy to rebuild strength. There are also braces that may assist in supporting your dog’s knee. Grade ll cases may also be treated with surgery due to the severe pain that is the result of cartilage damage. Both grade lll and grade lV are more often than not treated with surgery due to these grades severely affecting the dog’s quality of life. 

          The type of surgery varies based on if the correction is to either bony or soft tissue structures. But, the overall objective of luxating patella surgery is to realign the knee joint’s supporting structures so that the kneecap can move normally and stay in the femoral groove. Here are the most common strategies for luxating patella surgery:

          • Reinforcing the soft tissue structures of the knee joint.
          • Laterally shifting the joint that connects the kneecap to the shinbone.
          • Deepening the groove on the femur where the kneecap sits.
          • The tibial crest, which is the bony prominence below the knee where the patella tendon attaches, can be transposed to help realign the tendon, patella, and quadriceps.

          For recovery, your dog may need to wear a soft bandage or brace for three to five days and have their exercise restricted for four to eight weeks after surgery to allow the site to heal properly. During this time of recovery, your dog’s walks should be limited to short on-leash trips to the bathroom, and they may need to be crated or confined to a small room to limit activity. Physical rehabilitation can help reduce muscle mass loss on the affected limb and may allow some dogs to return to normal function sooner.

          How Much Does the Treatment for Luxating Patella Cost?

          The rehabilitation route can cost anywhere from $40 to over $100 per session depending on the exact treatment type such as hydrotherapy versus laser therapy.

          The cost of patella luxation surgery varies depending on where you live and who performs the procedure. General practitioners usually charge less than board-certified veterinary surgeons, who have more advanced training and experience with a variety of surgical techniques. The surgery can cost anywhere from $1,000 to $5,000.

          What is the Prognosis for a Luxating Patella?

          If surgery is performed, the prognosis is excellent and dogs should return to full use of their leg without pain. More than  90% of dog owners are pleased with their dog’s progress following surgery. In large dogs, the prognosis may be less favorable, especially when patellar luxation is combined with other abnormalities such as excessive long bone angulation or hip dysplasia. If your dog already has arthritis in the knee joint, he or she may experience intermittent pain in the leg and arthritis may progress. The possibility of recurrence of the luxated patella increases in higher grades but is not common.

           

          When it comes to non-surgical treatments, one study revealed that long-term outcomes for dogs with grade l and ll patellar luxations who have been treated non-surgically were less favorable than those for dogs who were treated surgically. In this study, 33% of the limbs in that study were treated without surgery. 86% had excellent to good results, while 14% had fair or poor results.